Organic chemistry articles

Introduction:-
The study of chemistry of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. According to Lavoisier that all compounds obtained from vegetables and animal sources always contained carbon and hydrogen mainly and nitrogen and phosphorous are also found in some compounds. According to Berzilius organic compounds  are produced from plant and animals only due to presence of some vital force in them.It is called  “Vital force theory”.It is disproved by wholer by producing urea(NH₄ CONH₂) from ammonium cyanate (NH₄CNO)
                                                                 NH₄CNO→ NH₄ CONH₂  
                                   Kolbe synthesized acetic acid (CH₃COOH) from its elements.

Compounds:-

Carbon form millions of compounds due to the following reasons.
1.    High catenation
2.    Tetravalency
3.    Ability to form multiple bonds
4.    Ability to exhibit isomerism

Classification of organic compounds based on carbon skeletion
                     Carbon compounds
Open chain(acyclic)                 (cyclic) closed chain
Aliphatic
Saturated    Unsaturated

Alkanes        Alkenes    Alkynes
Alkanes: Open chain compounds with single bonds between carbon atoms
Ex:  methane and ethane
Alkenes: open chain compounds with atleast one double bond in the carbon chain
Ex: ethylene,propylene
Alkynes: open chain compounds with atleast one triple bond in the carbon chain
Ex:  acetylene,propylene
Alicyclic: Carbon ring with single bond between carbon atoms
Ex: Cyclohexane C₆H₆
Aromatic: planar ring structures with (4n+2)∏ electrons  are called aromatic  according to Huckel rule.Where n is 0,1,2,….
    Ex: pyridine,Furan.

Classification of Carbon compounds on the basis of functional groups:-

Atom or bond or group of atoms in a molecule which is responsible for the characteristic properties of the compound is called functional group

Name	General Formula	Name	Structural Formula
Alkanes	CnH2n+2	Ethane
Alkenes	CnH2n	Ethene
Alkynes	CnH2n-2	Ethyne