Introduction :
Carbon has valency of 4.Hydrogen has valency of 1.Untill the discovery of benzene,no compound with find empirical formula CnHn was discovered.As such benzene with same empirical formula posed a great challenge.It was predicted that the molecule would invariably contain unsaturation.
The existence of double bond in ethene was discovered by Scottish chemist Alexander Brown in 1864.However the discovery of the probable structure of C6H6 continued to dodge the chemists.It was so because never before was any structure derived for a compound with the empirical formula CnHn.
The chemists were confused as to how all the valencies of carbon would stand satisfied in such a compound.
It was only in 1865 that Kekule could make a breakthrough in devising this structure.He devised the structure with hexagonal ring. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail .
This structure met with lot of criticism in the beginning and was further refined.In 1872 he put forth that the atoms are oscillating and were in reverse and forward collision with the neighbouring carbon atoms.
The only way in which this could be explained is pi bonds in the aromatic ring.
It means it consists of a conjugated planar ring system with delocalized pi electron clouds.The electrons for C–C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Each carbon atom is attached to one hydrogen atom.The electrons of the pi bonds keep on oscillating forth and back.In this way an the valencies of the atoms stand satisfied,albeit in a unconventional way.Thus in order to facilitate this,the structure would be planar and not three dimensional.This enhanced stability is the fundamental property of aromatic molecules that differentiates them from non-aromatic molecules .
The discovery of ring structure of benzene has led to vast field of aromatic compounds in organic chemistry. Many important chemicals are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional groups.e.g toluene,phenol etc.The ring structure is also the basic unit of many biochemicals like hormones.
Carbon has valency of 4.Hydrogen has valency of 1.Untill the discovery of benzene,no compound with find empirical formula CnHn was discovered.As such benzene with same empirical formula posed a great challenge.It was predicted that the molecule would invariably contain unsaturation.
Progressive attempts on benzene molecular formula
Since it was first isolated and identified in 1825,the knowledge of structure of eluded the chemists for many decadesThe existence of double bond in ethene was discovered by Scottish chemist Alexander Brown in 1864.However the discovery of the probable structure of C6H6 continued to dodge the chemists.It was so because never before was any structure derived for a compound with the empirical formula CnHn.
The chemists were confused as to how all the valencies of carbon would stand satisfied in such a compound.
Kekule's contribution in benzene molecular formula
Simultaneously attempts were also made by Adolph Carl Ludwig Clause ,Henry Armstrong etc. to propose certain structures.However they failed.It was only in 1865 that Kekule could make a breakthrough in devising this structure.He devised the structure with hexagonal ring. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail .
This structure met with lot of criticism in the beginning and was further refined.In 1872 he put forth that the atoms are oscillating and were in reverse and forward collision with the neighbouring carbon atoms.
pi bonds in benzene
Kekule put forth the correct structure in 1865.According to it ,benzene has aromatic structure. He revealed that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail .This structure met with lot of criticism in the beginning and was further refined.The only way in which this could be explained is pi bonds in the aromatic ring.
Unconventional pi bonds
It
means it consists of a conjugated planar ring system with delocalized
pi electron clouds.These electtrons which form the double pi bond
keep on 'hopping' between subsequent bonds.This also can be expressed
in following sentence.
The electrons for C–C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms.
Average length between the C-C and C=C is at 0.139 nm. This is called as 'resonance'. Resonance adds to the energy of the structure. As a result benzene is more stable by 150 kJ mol-1than predicted by Kekule because of resonance.
Each carbon atom is attached to one hydrogen atom in addition to two carbon atoms.The electrons of the pi bonds keep on oscillating forth and back.In this way an the valencies of the atoms stand satisfied,albeit in a unconventional way.Thus in order to facilitate this,the structure would be planar and not three dimensional.This enhanced stability is the fundamental property of aromatic molecules that differentiates them from non-aromatic molecules.
Because of these pi bonds, benzene undergoes nucleophilic as well as electrophilic addition reactions at one end of any double bond.
The electrons for C–C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms.
Average length between the C-C and C=C is at 0.139 nm. This is called as 'resonance'. Resonance adds to the energy of the structure. As a result benzene is more stable by 150 kJ mol-1than predicted by Kekule because of resonance.
Each carbon atom is attached to one hydrogen atom in addition to two carbon atoms.The electrons of the pi bonds keep on oscillating forth and back.In this way an the valencies of the atoms stand satisfied,albeit in a unconventional way.Thus in order to facilitate this,the structure would be planar and not three dimensional.This enhanced stability is the fundamental property of aromatic molecules that differentiates them from non-aromatic molecules.
Because of these pi bonds, benzene undergoes nucleophilic as well as electrophilic addition reactions at one end of any double bond.
Structure with respect to moleculr formula
The structure of benzene has aromatic nature.It means it consists of a conjugated planar ring system with delocalized pi electron clouds.The electrons for C–C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Each carbon atom is attached to one hydrogen atom.The electrons of the pi bonds keep on oscillating forth and back.In this way an the valencies of the atoms stand satisfied,albeit in a unconventional way.Thus in order to facilitate this,the structure would be planar and not three dimensional.This enhanced stability is the fundamental property of aromatic molecules that differentiates them from non-aromatic molecules .
The discovery of ring structure of benzene has led to vast field of aromatic compounds in organic chemistry. Many important chemicals are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional groups.e.g toluene,phenol etc.The ring structure is also the basic unit of many biochemicals like hormones.
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